- Business Law Book 13th Edition
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- Business Law Text And Cases 13 Edition
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Business Law Text and Cases Legal, Ethical, Global, and Corporate by Kenneth W. Clarkson PDF RapidShare Product Details Business Law Text and Cases. Cengage Advantage Books Business Law Text And Cases The First Course by Miller, Roger Textbook.PDF Download archived file.Download link. Find 250 Business Law: Text and Cases 14th Edition by Clarkson et al at over 30 bookstores. Buy, rent or sell. Sell this book. ISBN 250 Business Law: Text and Cases 14th. Formats: New, Used, Rent, Ebook, Study Author: Kenneth Clarkson. https://iloveyellow835.weebly.com/intel-standard-ahci-10-serial-ata-controller-driver.html. Books Related to Business Law: Text and Cases 14 Business Law Text by Miller 9th. Mallor, Barnes, Bowers and Langvardt's: Business Law: The Ethical, Global, and E-Commerce Environment, 13e is appropriate for the two-term business law course. Crash bandicoot 2 iso download. The cases in the 13th edition are excerpted and edited by the authors. The syntax is not altered, therefore retaining the language of the courts. Aug 7, 2015 - Business Law: Text and Cases, 13th Edition PDF Free Download, Reviews, Read Online, ISBN:, By Frank B. Cross, Kenneth W.
In the 13th edition of Business Law: Text and Cases, the authors, Kenneth W. Clarkson et al., provide a fresh perspective on a traditional subject. Students will benefit from the updated and concise presentation style. The authors cover of a wide breadth of material related to business and corporate law. They effortlessly integrate classical legal concepts with an innovative, modern approach using examples from everyday life. This text raises the standards of excellence for both teachers as well as students. By challenging learners to apply practical solutions to realistic situations, students can prepare for entry into a fast-paced and information-driven economy. Business Legal Studies The pedagogical methods used in the 13th edition cover essential topics while laying the groundwork for future studies. The new layout is designed to simplify concepts and make the legal principles accessible to the student. Through numerous examples, which are designed to pique interest and stimulate curiosity, the authors impart an elegant view of the subject matter. Teachers can benefit from the additional materials provided to enhance the learning environment, increase critical thought and stimulate classroom discussions. Learning Business Law The foundation concepts are slowly elaborated in this masterful edition. The updated material reflects current events, which keeps a sense of relevance and timeliness while engaging classical formulas. Additional sections were added to expand on current trends in ethics, global governance and corporate cultural changes. The material touches on historical court rulings as well as contemporary interpretations of key concepts that build on legal precedence. The current legal environment is integrated into this edition, so students can apply the principles of business law to the most pressing issues facing the modern professional. The text is written with a user-friendly approach in mind, and this reduces confusion while keeping the material relevant. Numerous cases are used throughout the text to highlight key concepts. The authors carefully discuss each concept, so it can be understood by students who approach the subject at different levels.
Sample questions asked in the 13th edition of Business Law:
Spotlight on Smart Inventions—Piercing the Corporate Veil. Thomas Persson and Jon Nokes founded Smart Inventions, Inc., to market household consumer products. The success of their first product, the Smart Mop, continued with later products, which were sold through infomercials and other means. Persson and Nokes were the firm’s officers and equal shareholders. Persson was responsible for product development, and Nokes was in charge of day-to-day operations. By 1998, they had become dissatisfied with each other’s efforts. Nokes represented the firm as financially “dying,” “in a grim state, . . . worse than ever,” and offered to buy all of Persson’s shares for $1.6 million. Persson accepted. On the day that they signed the agreement to transfer the shares, Smart Inventions began marketing a new product—the Tap Light. It was an instant success, generating millions of dollars in revenues. In negotiating with Persson, Nokes had intentionally kept the Tap Light a secret. Persson sued Smart Inventions, asserting fraud and other claims. Under what principle might Smart Inventions be liable for Nokes’s fraud? Is Smart Inventions liable in this case? Explain. [Persson v. Smart Inventions, Inc., 125 Cal.App.4th 1141, 23 Cal. Rptr.3d 335 (2 Dist. 2005)] (See page 771.)
Suppose that you contract to purchase steel at a fixed price per ton. Before the contract is performed, a lengthy steelworkers’ strike causes the price of steel to triple from the price specified in the contract. If you demand that the supplier fulfill the contract, the supplier will go out of business. What are your ethical obligations in this situation? What are your legal rights?
QUESTION WITH SAMPLE ANSWER: Risk of Loss. On May 1, Sikora goes into Carson’s retail clothing store to purchase a suit. Sikora finds a suit he likes for $190 and buys it. The suit needs alterations. Sikora is to pick up the altered suit at Carson’s store on May 10. Consider the following separate sets of circumstances: (a) One of Carson’s major creditors obtains a judgment on the debt Carson owes and has the court issue a writ of execution (a court order to seize a debtor’s property to satisfy a debt) to collect on that judgment all clothing in Carson’s possession. Discuss Sikora’s rights in the suit under these circumstances. (b) On May 9, through no fault of Carson’s, the store burns down, and all contents are a total loss. Between Carson and Sikora, who suffers the loss of the suit destroyed by the fire? Explain.
Negotiable Instruments Sabrina Runyan writes the following note on a sheet of paper: “I, the undersigned, do hereby acknowledge that 1 owe Leo Woo one thousand dollars, with interest, payable out of the proceeds of the sale of my horse, Lightning, next month. Payment is to be made on or before six months from date.” Discuss specifically why this is not a negotiable instrument.
A Question of Ethics: Discrimination Based on Disability. Titan Distribution, Inc., employed Quintak, Inc., to run its tire mounting and distribution operation in Des Moines, Iowa. Robert Chalfant worked for Quintak as a second shift supervisor at Titan. He suffered a heart attack in 1992 and underwent heart bypass surgery in 1997. He also had arthritis. In July 2002, Titan decided to fire Quintak. Chalfant applied to work at Titan. On his application, he described himself as disabled. After a physical exam, Titan’s physician concluded that Chalfant could work in his current capacity, and he was notified that he would be hired. Despite the notice, Nadis Barucic, a Titan employee, wrote “not pass px” at the top of Chalfant’s application, and he was not hired. He took a job with AMPCO Systems, a parking ramp management company. This work involved walking up to five miles a day and lifting more weight than he had at Titan. In September, Titan eliminated its second shift. Chalfant filed a suit in a federal district court against Titan, in part, under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). Titan argued that it had not hired Chalfant because he did not pass the physical, but no one—including Barucic—could explain why she had written “not pass px” on his application. Later, Titan claimed that Chalfant was not hired because the entire second shift was going to be eliminated. [Chalfant v. Titan Distribution, Inc., 475 F.3d 982 (8th Cir. 2007)] (See page 693.) (a) What must Chalfant establish to make his case under the ADA? Can he meet these requirements? Explain. (b) In employment-discrimination cases, punitive damages can be appropriate when an employer acts with malice or reckless indifference toward an employee’s protected rights. Would an award of punitive damages to Chalfant be appropriate in this case? Discuss.
Unfair Labor Practices Consolidated Stores is undergoing a unionization campaign. Prior to the union election, management states that the union is unnecessary to protect workers. Management also provides bonuses and wage increases to the workers during this period. The employees reject the union. Union organizers protest that the wage increases during the election campaign unfairly prejudiced the vote. Should these wage increases be regarded as an unfair labor practice? Discuss.
Sample questions asked in the 13th edition of Business Law:
Spotlight on Smart Inventions—Piercing the Corporate Veil. Thomas Persson and Jon Nokes founded Smart Inventions, Inc., to market household consumer products. The success of their first product, the Smart Mop, continued with later products, which were sold through infomercials and other means. Persson and Nokes were the firm’s officers and equal shareholders. Persson was responsible for product development, and Nokes was in charge of day-to-day operations. By 1998, they had become dissatisfied with each other’s efforts. Nokes represented the firm as financially “dying,” “in a grim state, . . . worse than ever,” and offered to buy all of Persson’s shares for $1.6 million. Persson accepted. On the day that they signed the agreement to transfer the shares, Smart Inventions began marketing a new product—the Tap Light. It was an instant success, generating millions of dollars in revenues. In negotiating with Persson, Nokes had intentionally kept the Tap Light a secret. Persson sued Smart Inventions, asserting fraud and other claims. Under what principle might Smart Inventions be liable for Nokes’s fraud? Is Smart Inventions liable in this case? Explain. [Persson v. Smart Inventions, Inc., 125 Cal.App.4th 1141, 23 Cal. Rptr.3d 335 (2 Dist. 2005)] (See page 771.)
Suppose that you contract to purchase steel at a fixed price per ton. Before the contract is performed, a lengthy steelworkers’ strike causes the price of steel to triple from the price specified in the contract. If you demand that the supplier fulfill the contract, the supplier will go out of business. What are your ethical obligations in this situation? What are your legal rights?
QUESTION WITH SAMPLE ANSWER: Risk of Loss. On May 1, Sikora goes into Carson’s retail clothing store to purchase a suit. Sikora finds a suit he likes for $190 and buys it. The suit needs alterations. Sikora is to pick up the altered suit at Carson’s store on May 10. Consider the following separate sets of circumstances: (a) One of Carson’s major creditors obtains a judgment on the debt Carson owes and has the court issue a writ of execution (a court order to seize a debtor’s property to satisfy a debt) to collect on that judgment all clothing in Carson’s possession. Discuss Sikora’s rights in the suit under these circumstances. (b) On May 9, through no fault of Carson’s, the store burns down, and all contents are a total loss. Between Carson and Sikora, who suffers the loss of the suit destroyed by the fire? Explain.
Negotiable Instruments Sabrina Runyan writes the following note on a sheet of paper: “I, the undersigned, do hereby acknowledge that 1 owe Leo Woo one thousand dollars, with interest, payable out of the proceeds of the sale of my horse, Lightning, next month. Payment is to be made on or before six months from date.” Discuss specifically why this is not a negotiable instrument.
A Question of Ethics: Discrimination Based on Disability. Titan Distribution, Inc., employed Quintak, Inc., to run its tire mounting and distribution operation in Des Moines, Iowa. Robert Chalfant worked for Quintak as a second shift supervisor at Titan. He suffered a heart attack in 1992 and underwent heart bypass surgery in 1997. He also had arthritis. In July 2002, Titan decided to fire Quintak. Chalfant applied to work at Titan. On his application, he described himself as disabled. After a physical exam, Titan’s physician concluded that Chalfant could work in his current capacity, and he was notified that he would be hired. Despite the notice, Nadis Barucic, a Titan employee, wrote “not pass px” at the top of Chalfant’s application, and he was not hired. He took a job with AMPCO Systems, a parking ramp management company. This work involved walking up to five miles a day and lifting more weight than he had at Titan. In September, Titan eliminated its second shift. Chalfant filed a suit in a federal district court against Titan, in part, under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). Titan argued that it had not hired Chalfant because he did not pass the physical, but no one—including Barucic—could explain why she had written “not pass px” on his application. Later, Titan claimed that Chalfant was not hired because the entire second shift was going to be eliminated. [Chalfant v. Titan Distribution, Inc., 475 F.3d 982 (8th Cir. 2007)] (See page 693.) (a) What must Chalfant establish to make his case under the ADA? Can he meet these requirements? Explain. (b) In employment-discrimination cases, punitive damages can be appropriate when an employer acts with malice or reckless indifference toward an employee’s protected rights. Would an award of punitive damages to Chalfant be appropriate in this case? Discuss.
Unfair Labor Practices Consolidated Stores is undergoing a unionization campaign. Prior to the union election, management states that the union is unnecessary to protect workers. Management also provides bonuses and wage increases to the workers during this period. The employees reject the union. Union organizers protest that the wage increases during the election campaign unfairly prejudiced the vote. Should these wage increases be regarded as an unfair labor practice? Discuss.
Replica of an East Indiaman of the Dutch East India Company/United East Indies Company. The Dutch East India Company (also known by the abbreviation “VOC” in Dutch), the world's first formally listed public company,[1] started off as a spice trader. In 1602 the VOC undertook the world's first recorded IPO. 'Going public' enabled the company to raise the vast sum of 6.5 million guilders quickly.
A public company, publicly traded company, publicly held company, publicly listed company, or public limited company is a corporation whose ownership is dispersed among the general public in many shares of stock which are freely traded on a stock exchange or in over-the-counter markets. In some jurisdictions, public companies over a certain size must be listed on an exchange. A public company can be listed (listed company) or unlisted (unlisted public company).
Public companies are formed within the legal systems of particular states, and therefore have associations and formal designations which are distinct and separate in the polity in which they reside. For example one of the main public company forms in the United States is called a limited liability company (or LLC), in France is called a 'society of limited responsibility' (SARL), in Britain a public limited company (plc), and in Germany a company with limited liability (GmbH). While the general idea of a public company may be similar, differences are meaningful, and are at the core of international law disputes with regard to industry and trade.
- 2Securities of a company
History[edit]
Courtyard of the Amsterdam Stock Exchange (or Beurs van Hendrick de Keyser in Dutch), the world's first formal stock exchange.[2][3][4][5] Modern-day publicly listed multinational corporations (including Forbes Global 2000 companies), in many respect, are all 'descendants' of a business model pioneered by the Dutch East India Company (VOC) in the 17th century.[6]
One of the oldest known stock certificates, issued by the VOC chamber of Enkhuizen, dated 9 Sep 1606[7][8][9][10]
In the early modern period, the Dutch developed several financial instruments and helped lay the foundations of modern financial system.[11][12] The Dutch East India Company (VOC) became the first company in history to issue bonds and shares of stock to the general public. In other words, the VOC was officially the first publicly traded company,[13] because it was the first company to be ever actually listed on an official stock exchange. While the Italian city-states produced the first transferable government bonds, they did not develop the other ingredient necessary to produce a fully fledged capital market: corporate shareholders. As Edward Stringham (2015) notes, 'companies with transferable shares date back to classical Rome, but these were usually not enduring endeavors and no considerable secondary market existed (Neal, 1997, p. 61).'[14]
Securities of a company[edit]
Usually, the securities of a publicly traded company are owned by many investors while the shares of a privately held company are owned by relatively few shareholders. A company with many shareholders is not necessarily a publicly traded company. In the United States, in some instances, companies with over 500 shareholders may be required to report under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; companies that report under the 1934 Act are generally deemed public companies.
Advantages[edit]
Public companies possess some advantages over privately held businesses.
- Publicly traded companies are able to raise funds and capital through the sale (in the primary or secondary market) of shares of stock. This is the reason publicly traded corporations are important; prior to their existence, it was very difficult to obtain large amounts of capital for private enterprises - significant capital could only come from a smaller set of wealthy investors or banks willing to risk typically large investments. The profit on stock is gained in form of dividend or capital gain to the holders.
- The financial media, analysts, and the public are able to access additional information about the business, since the business is commonly legally bound, and naturally motivated (so as to secure further capital), to publicly disseminate information regarding the financial status and future of the company to its many shareholders and the government.
- Because many people have a vested interest in the company's success, the company may be more popular or recognizable than a private company.
- The initial shareholders of the company are able to share risk by selling shares to the public. If one were to hold a 100% share of the company, he or she would have to pay all of the business's debt; however, if an individual were to hold a 50% share, they would only need to pay 50% of the debt. This increases asset liquidity and the company does not need to depend on funding from a bank. For example, in 2013 Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg owned 29.3% of the company's class A shares,[15] which gave him enough voting power to control the business, while allowing Facebook to raise capital from, and distribute risk to, the remaining shareholders. Facebook was a privately held company prior to its initial public offering in 2012.[16]
- If some shares are given to managers or other employees, potential conflicts of interest between employees and shareholders (an instance of principal-agent problem) will be remitted. As an example, in many tech companies, entry-level software engineers are given stock in the company upon being hired (thus they become shareholders). Therefore, the engineers have a vested interest in the company succeeding financially, and are incentivized to work harder and more diligently to ensure that success.
Disadvantages[edit]
Many stock exchanges require that publicly traded companies have their accounts regularly audited by outside auditors, and then publish the accounts to their shareholders. Besides the cost, this may make useful information available to competitors. Various other annual and quarterly reports are also required by law. In the United States, the Sarbanes–Oxley Act imposes additional requirements. The requirement for audited books is not imposed by the exchange known as OTC Pink.[17][18] The shares may be maliciously held by outside shareholders and the original founders or owners may lose benefits and control.The principal-agent problem, or the agency problem is a key weakness of public companies. The separation of a company's ownership and control is especially prevalent in such countries as U.K and U.S.
Stockholders[edit]
In the United States, the Securities and Exchange Commission requires that firms whose stock is traded publicly report their major shareholders each year.[19] The reports identify all institutional shareholders (primarily, firms owning stock in other companies), all company officials who own shares in their firm, and any individual or institution owning more than 5% of the firm's stock.[19]
General trend[edit]
For many years, newly created companies were privately held but held initial public offering to become publicly traded company or to be acquired by another company if they became larger and more profitable or had promising prospects. More infrequently, some companies — such as investment banking firm Goldman Sachs and logistics services provider United Parcel Service (UPS) — chose to remain privately held for a long period of time after maturity into a profitable company. Microsoft word free download 2011.
However, from 1997 to 2012, the number of corporations publicly traded on American stock exchanges dropped 45%.[20] According to one observer (Gerald F. Davis), 'public corporations have become less concentrated, less integrated, less interconnected at the top, shorter lived, less remunerative for average investors, and less prevalent since the turn of the 21st century'.[21] Davis argues that technological changes such as the decline in price and increasing power, quality and flexibility of computer Numerical control machines and newer digitally enabled tools such as 3D printing will lead to smaller and more local organization of production.[21]
Privatization[edit]
A group of private investors or another company that is privately held can buy out the shareholders of a public company, taking the company private. This is typically done through a leveraged buyout and occurs when the buyers believe the securities have been undervalued by investors. In some cases, public companies that are in severe financial distress may also approach a private company or companies to take over ownership and management of the company. One way of doing this would be to make a rights issue designed to enable the new investor to acquire a supermajority. With a super-majority, the company could then be relisted, i.e. privatized.
Alternatively, a publicly traded company may be purchased by one or more other publicly traded companies, with the target company becoming either a subsidiary or joint venture of the purchaser(s), or ceasing to exist as a separate entity, its former shareholders receiving compensation in the form of either cash, shares in the purchasing company or a combination of both. When the compensation is primarily shares then the deal is often considered a merger. Subsidiaries and joint ventures can also be created de novo — this often happens in the financial sector. Subsidiaries and joint ventures of publicly traded companies are not generally considered to be privately held companies (even though they themselves are not publicly traded) and are generally subject to the same reporting requirements as publicly traded companies. Finally, shares in subsidiaries and joint ventures can be (re)-offered to the public at any time — firms that are sold in this manner are called spin-outs.
Most industrialized jurisdictions have enacted laws and regulations that detail the steps that prospective owners (public or private) must undertake if they wish to take over a publicly traded corporation. This often entails the would-be buyer(s) making a formal offer for each share of the company to shareholders.
Trading and valuation[edit]
Business Law Book 13th Edition
The shares of a publicly traded company are often traded on a stock exchange. The value or 'size' of a company is called its market capitalization, a term which is often shortened to 'market cap'. This is calculated as the number of shares outstanding (as opposed to authorized but not necessarily issued) times the price per share. For example, a company with two million shares outstanding and a price per share of US$40 has a market capitalization of US$80 million. However, a company's market capitalization should not be confused with the fair market value of the company as a whole since the price per share are influenced by other factors such as the volume of shares traded. Low trading volume can cause artificially low prices for securities, due to investors being apprehensive of investing in a company they perceive as possibly lacking liquidity.
https://iloveyellow835.weebly.com/freddie-jackson-you-are-my-lady-download.html. For example, if all shareholders were to simultaneously try to sell their shares in the open market, this would immediately create downward pressure on the price for which the share is traded unless there were an equal number of buyers willing to purchase the security at the price the sellers demand. So, sellers would have to either reduce their price or choose not to sell. Thus, the number of trades in a given period of time, commonly referred to as the 'volume' is important when determining how well a company's market capitalization reflects true fair market value of the company as a whole. The higher the volume, the more the fair market value of the company is likely to be reflected by its market capitalization.
Another example of the impact of volume on the accuracy of market capitalization is when a company has little or no trading activity and the market price is simply the price at which the most recent trade took place, which could be days or weeks ago. This occurs when there are no buyers willing to purchase the securities at the price being offered by the sellers and there are no sellers willing to sell at the price the buyers are willing to pay. While this is rare when the company is traded on a major stock exchange, it is not uncommon when shares are traded over-the-counter (OTC). Since individual buyers and sellers need to incorporate news about the company into their purchasing decisions, a security with an imbalance of buyers or sellers may not feel the full effect of recent news.
Business Law 13th Pdf
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^Funnell, Warwick; Robertson, Jeffrey: Accounting by the First Public Company: The Pursuit of Supremacy. (Routledge, 2013, ISBN0415716179)
- ^Brooks, John: The Fluctuation: The Little Crash in '62, in Business Adventures: Twelve Classic Tales from the World of Wall Street. (New York: Weybright & Talley, 1968)
- ^Shiller, Robert (2011). Economics 252, Financial Markets: Lecture 4 – Portfolio Diversification and Supporting Financial Institutions (Open Yale Courses). [Transcript]
- ^Petram, Lodewijk: The World's First Stock Exchange: How the Amsterdam Market for Dutch East India Company Shares Became a Modern Securities Market, 1602–1700. Translated from the Dutch by Lynne Richards. (Columbia University Press, 2014, pp. 304)
- ^Macaulay, Catherine R. (2015). “Capitalism's renaissance? The potential of repositioning the financial 'meta-economy'”. (Futures, Volume 68, April 2015, p. 5–18)
- ^Taylor, Bryan (6 Nov 2013). 'The Rise and Fall of the Largest Corporation in History'. BusinessInsider.com. Retrieved 18 August 2017.
- ^'World's oldest share'. The World's Oldest Share. Retrieved 8 August 2017.
- ^'Dutch history student finds world's oldest share'. Guinness World Records Limited 2014. 10 Sep 2010. Retrieved 8 August 2017.
- ^'Student finds oldest Dutch share'. Radio Netherlands Worldwide. 10 Sep 2010. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 8 August 2017.
- ^Dunkley, Jamie (11 Sep 2010). 'Dutch student finds world's oldest share certificate'. Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 8 August 2017.
- ^Tracy, James D. (1985). A Financial Revolution in the Habsburg Netherlands: Renten and Renteniers in the County of Holland, 1515–1565. (University of California Press, 300 pp)
- ^Sylla, Richard (2015). 'Financial Development, Corporations, and Inequality'. (BHC-EBHA Meeting). As Richard Sylla (2015) notes, 'In modern history, several nations had what some of us call financial revolutions.. The first was the Dutch Republic four centuries ago.'
- ^Kaiser, Kevin; Young, S. David (2013): The Blue Line Imperative: What Managing for Value Really Means. (Jossey-Bass, 2013, ISBN978-1118510889), p. 26. As Kevin Kaiser & David Young (2013) explain, 'There are other claimants to the title of first public company, including a twelfth-century water mill in France and a thirteenth-century company intended to control the English wool trade, Staple of London. Its shares, however, and the manner in which those shares were traded, did not truly allow public ownership by anyone who happened to be able to afford a share. The arrival of VOC shares was therefore momentous, because as Fernand Braudel pointed out, it opened up the ownership of companies and the ideas they generated, beyond the ranks of the aristocracy and the very rich, so that everyone could finally participate in the speculative freedom of transactions.'
- ^Stringham, Edward Peter: Private Governance: Creating Order in Economic and Social Life. (Oxford University Press, 2015, ISBN9780199365166), p.42
- ^'Zuckerberg Now Owns 29.3 Percent Of Facebook's Class A Shares And This Stake Is Worth $13.6 billion'.
- ^Investopedia (14 August 2015). 'If You Had Invested Right After Facebook's IPO (FB, TWTR)'.
- ^Devcic, John (September 21, 2014). 'The Over-The-Counter Market: An Introduction To Pink Sheets'. Investopedia. Retrieved February 15, 2017.
- ^'Pink: The Open Market'. OTC Markets. The Markets. Retrieved February 15, 2017.
- ^ ab'Myth #5. The Federal Reserve is owned and controlled by foreigners'. Political Research Associates. Retrieved November 23, 2008.
- ^'Is it time to rethink public corporations?'. Minnesota Public Radio News. November 14, 2012. Retrieved February 15, 2017.
- ^ abDavis, Gerald F. (April 24, 2012). 'Re-imagining the corporation'(PDF). Ross School of Business, University of Michigan. Retrieved February 15, 2017.
Business Law Text And Cases 13 Edition
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